This section presents an overview of critical developments in technology-driven, classroom-based innovative assessment practices. It uses a framework organized around cognitive constructs, assessment functionality, and automaticity to review the technological developments of innovative assessments and identify how they have been advanced to meet researcher and practitioner needs. Specifically, technology such as artificial intelligence (AI), learning analytics, or virtual reality (VR), among others, plays six significant roles: (1) simulating real-world problems; (2) eliciting, capturing and representing complex performance; (3) analyzing processing data; (4) visualizing performance and providing actionable interpretation; (5) transforming scores into actionable information; and (6) ease human effort.
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